Professional Answer:
Authentication and authorization are fundamental concepts in information security, and while they are related, they serve distinct purposes:

1) Authentication:

• Description: Authentication is the process of verifying the identity of a user, system, or entity attempting to access a resource. It ensures that the entity requesting access is who they claim to be.
• Methods: Common methods of authentication include passwords, biometrics, two-factor authentication (2FA), and public-key cryptography.
• Purpose: The primary goal is to prevent unauthorized access by confirming the identity of the user or system.

2) Authorization:

• Description: Authorization, on the other hand, involves granting or denying access rights and permissions to authenticated users or systems. Once a user’s identity is verified through authentication, authorization determines the actions or resources they are allowed to access.
• Methods: Authorization is typically managed through roles, permissions, and access control lists (ACLs).
• Purpose: The focus is on defining and enforcing access policies to ensure that users can only perform actions or access resources appropriate to their roles or responsibilities.

Key Tips:

• Differentiate between authentication and authorization.
• Emphasize that authentication verifies identity, while authorization manages access rights and permissions.
• Provide examples of authentication methods (e.g., passwords, 2FA) and authorization mechanisms (e.g., roles, permissions).

Example Answer:
Authentication and authorization are distinct but interconnected aspects of information security:

1) Authentication:

• Description: Authentication is the process of verifying the identity of a user, system, or entity attempting to access a resource.
• Methods: Common authentication methods include passwords, biometrics, two-factor authentication (2FA), and public-key cryptography.
• Purpose: The primary goal is to prevent unauthorized access by confirming the identity of the user or system.

2) Authorization:

• Description: Authorization involves granting or denying access rights and permissions to authenticated users or systems.
• Methods: Authorization is typically managed through roles, permissions, and access control lists (ACLs).
• Purpose: The focus is on defining and enforcing access policies to ensure that users can only perform actions or access resources appropriate to their roles or responsibilities.

In summary, authentication verifies identity, confirming that the entity accessing a resource is who they claim to be. Once authenticated, authorization comes into play, determining the specific actions or resources the authenticated entity is allowed to access. Together, these concepts form a crucial part of securing systems and ensuring that access to sensitive information is controlled and monitored appropriately.