Professional Answer:
The process from typing a website’s URL to its complete loading on the screen involves several steps. Initially, the browser interprets the URL and initiates a Domain Name System (DNS) resolution to convert the human-readable domain into an IP address. Once the IP address is obtained, the browser establishes a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) connection to the web server. This is followed by an optional but common step of initiating a secure connection using the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol.

Upon establishing the connection, the browser sends an HTTP request to the server for the web page. The server processes the request, retrieves the necessary resources (HTML, CSS, JavaScript, images, etc.), and sends them back to the browser in an HTTP response. The browser then begins rendering the HTML content, parsing stylesheets, and executing JavaScript to build the Document Object Model (DOM) and render the webpage.

Subsequently, the browser fetches additional resources referenced in the HTML, such as images or external scripts, continuing the rendering process. As these resources are received, the browser constructs the render tree and computes the layout, leading to the final visual representation of the webpage. Finally, the entire page is loaded, and any subsequent user interactions trigger additional requests and updates.

Key Tips:

• Provide a step-by-step breakdown of the process, including key protocols like DNS, TCP, TLS, and HTTP.
• Mention the rendering stages involving HTML parsing, CSS styling, and JavaScript execution.

Example Answer:
When you enter a website’s URL into the browser, the first step is the DNS resolution, where the browser translates the human-readable domain (like www.example.com) into an IP address. After obtaining the IP address, the browser establishes a TCP connection to the web server, and in many cases, a secure TLS connection.

Once the connection is established, an HTTP request is sent to the server, prompting it to provide the necessary resources. The server processes this request and sends back an HTTP response containing the HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and other assets required for the webpage. The browser starts rendering the HTML, parsing stylesheets, and executing JavaScript to build the DOM.

Following this, the browser fetches additional resources like images and external scripts, continuing the rendering process. As these resources are received, the browser constructs the render tree and computes the layout, ultimately leading to the visual representation of the webpage. Finally, the entire page is loaded, and any subsequent interactions trigger additional requests and updates, ensuring a dynamic and responsive user experience.